ETHICS
“Honesty is a fundamental requirement that every solicitor must bring to bear on dealings with his own or her own client.” Retired President of the High Court of Ireland Mr Justice Kearns.
“It is important that there should be full understanding of the reasons why the Tribunal makes orders which might otherwise seem harsh. There is, in some of these orders, a punitive element: a penalty may be visited on a solicitor who has fallen below the standards required of his profession in order to punish him for what he has done and to deter any other solicitor tempted to behave in the same way. Those are traditional objects of punishment. But often the order is not punitive in intention. Particularly is this so where a criminal penalty has been imposed and satisfied. The solicitor has paid his debt to society. There is no need, and it would be unjust, to punish him again. In most cases the order of the Tribunal will be primarily directed to one or other or both of two other purposes. One is to be sure that the offender does not have the opportunity to repeat the offence. This purpose is achieved for a limited period by an order of suspension; plainly it is hoped that experience of suspension will make the offender meticulous in his future compliance with the required standards. The purpose is achieved for a longer period, and quite possibly indefinitely, by an order of striking off. The second purpose is the most fundamental of all: to maintain the reputation of the solicitors’ profession as one in which every member, of whatever standing, may be trusted to the ends of the earth. To maintain this reputation and sustain public confidence in the integrity of the profession it is often necessary that those guilty of serious lapses are not only expelled but denied re-admission. If a member of the public sells his house, very often his largest asset, and entrusts the proceeds to his solicitor, pending re-investment in another house, he is ordinarily entitled to expect that the solicitor will be a person whose trustworthiness is not, and never has been, seriously in question. Otherwise, the whole profession, and the public as a whole, is injured. A profession’s most valuable asset is its collective reputation and the confidence which that inspires.” per Lord Bingham MR in Bolton v Law Society
” It is the attorney, rather than his client, that the Court relies upon to ensure that the client’s case is presented in an ethical manner.”
Judge T. John Ward, United States District Court, E.D. Texas
“The greatest challenges for the legal profession are actually to be honest. And it’s the first duty of a lawyer to be honest… By honest I mean if you’re an advocate or a litigator, being honest to the Court. Which is the first thing a Court needs of its advocates is that they can trust what they say if they say something. There is a duty to the Court not to mislead the Court. Not to conceal from the Court things that the Court should know. … You have to be honest in your dealings with the other side. That doesn’t mean to say that you again tell them everything. But you mustn’t telling them lies. You must be honest in your dealings with them. And above all, honest with your dealings with your client. And that’s probably where the legal profession brings itself most into disrepute. By not being upfront with the client about the real risks involved in litigation or the real merits of their case or the real options in front of them. Or how much it’s all going to cost them. It’s a big subject professional ethics with now rather a lot written about it, but that’s what it boils down to.”
Baroness Hale of Richmond, a British judge who served as President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2017 until her retirement in 2020
—
Lynne Stewart was a US criminal defence lawyer convicted after breaching strict court-imposed communication restrictions while acting for a high-profile terrorism-related client.
She was found to have improperly passed messages connected to her client in violation of Special Administrative Measures, which limited contact with the outside world. The court held that this went beyond legitimate legal advocacy and constituted a serious breach of court orders.
She received a custodial sentence, reflecting the seriousness of undermining imposed legal restrictions.
The case is often referenced in legal ethics as a warning that even vigorous client representation must remain within clear procedural and court-imposed boundaries, particularly in sensitive national security cases, where breaches can lead to criminal liability and professional disrepute.
BY analogy ” cross examination ” is a formal, rules controlled Court process where a legal team is prohibited from communicating with their client when they are giving evidence as a “witness” during cross-examination – which would include using third parties as “communication conduits” to bypass these rules – and any such attempts would be generally improper because it can interfere with the integrity of the evidence and the fairness of the proceedings.
“Direct” contact is prohibited as is “indirect” contact (through third parties or other employees of the corporate client etc.) as it achieves the same result. High Court of Ireland in recent decision condemned the usage of “fussy” language.
“If a solicitor, acting with ordinary care, would give different advice to different clients about the same matter, there is a conflict of interest, and the solicitor should not act for both clients. The solicitor owes a duty of care to each individual client, so must advise in accordance with that client’s best interests. Even where clients have a substantially common interest or where they are competing for the same objective, where the advice given to each party differs, a conflict may arise. To act in a conflict-of-interest situation may involve the solicitor in: a) A breach of the duty of undivided loyalty owed to each client, b) A breach of the duty to make full disclosure to each client in a matter, or c) A breach of the duty of confidentiality owed to each client.” Solicitor’s Guide To Professional Conduct Law Society of Ireland 4th Edition
—
A litigant acts in bad faith when he “use[s] the court system to try to force a result that [he] could not obtain under the applicable law.” First Bank of Marietta v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 307 F.3d 501, 525 (6th Cir. 2002).
“[b]ad faith . . . is not restricted to situations where the action was filed in bad faith. Bad faith may also be found in the conduct of the litigation.” Am. Unites for Kids v. Rousseau, 985 F.3d 1075, 1090 (9th Cir. 2021).
In Irish Life & Permanent plc v Financial Services Ombudsman & Ors. [2012] IEHC 376, Hogan J, (then sitting as a judge of the High Court) stated that the whole object of a fiduciary relationship was based upon a recognition that certain categories of persons owed duties to others, over and above conventional contractual obligations, by virtue of the special nature of their profession (includes solicitor profession), occupation or position, such that, such persons were obliged to act in a completely selfless manner. Trustees, agents, directors and partners were among those normally regarded as fiduciaries.
“One of the fundamental principles of equity is that where a person stands in a fiduciary relationship to another, the fiduciary is not permitted to retain a profit derived from that fiduciary relationship without the fully informed consent of the other.” Judgment of EWCA 2018
—
Lord Herschell ” It is an inflexible rule of a Court of Equity that a person in a fiduciary position, such as the [solicitor] respondent’s, is not, unless otherwise expressly provided, entitled to make a profit; he is not allowed to put himself in a position where his interest and duty conflict. It does not appear to me that this rule is, as has been said, founded upon principles of morality. I regard it rather as based on the consideration that human nature being what it is, there is danger, in such circumstances, of the person holding a fiduciary position being swayed by interest rather than by duty, and thus prejudicing those whom he was bound to protect. It has, therefore, been deemed expedient to lay down this positive rule. “
The late former Supreme Court of Ireland Justice Finnegan in a Judgment delivered during his tenure as President of the High Court of Ireland in Law Society of Ireland -v- Walker [2006] IEHC 387 (21 July 2006) stated:
“A Solicitor’s Duty to the Opponent
It is the duty of every litigant not to mislead his opponent. He does not discharge that duty simply by accepting the advice of his legal advisors: see Vernon v Bosley (No. 2) 1997 1 All ER at p. 629 and at 654. See also the quote from Hatherley L.C. in In Re Jones (1870) L.R. 6 Ch. 497 above. This was cited with approval by Viscount Maugham in Myers v Ellman 1940 A.C. at 290 where he said –
“I cannot find that the proposition laid down by Lord Hatherley has ever been doubted and the cases cited in Hallsbury certainly tend to support it. It is hardly necessary to point out that Lord Hatherley’s phrase implying the solicitor’s duty to parties for whom he is not acting is founded on his duty to the Court.”
The importance of that duty in the attainment of justice is illustrated by the facts in this case. Faced with the plea in the Defence, the reply to the Notice for Particulars, the Notice to Admit Facts, the interrogatories and the clinical notes as discovered the Plaintiff might well have been daunted: had an offer been made he might well have accepted the same or indeed conscious of the cost of failing in his case he might have discontinued the same.
Propositions Derived from the Cases
The following propositions can be derived from the cases –
1. A solicitor has a duty to the Court not to mislead the Court. The duty is paramount to the duty which he owes to his client. Rondell v Worsley.
2. Counsel and litigants have a like duty.
3. A solicitor must not permit his client to mislead the Court. Unioil International Pty Ltd & Ors v Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu & Anor, Myers v Ellman.
4. Where the Court has been misled the solicitor has a duty with the consent of his client to rectify the situation at the earliest possible moment. Kyle v Legal Practitioners Complaints Committee.
5. If the client will not consent to him rectifying the situation he must forthwith withdraw from the case Kyle v Legal Practitioners Complaints Committee, Vernon v Bosley (No. 2).
6. It may be that in addition he has a duty to inform his opponent of the situation. Vernon v Bosley (No. 2) per Thorpe L.J.
7. Unless his opponent consents to his not so doing he may have a duty to inform the Court of the situation. Vernon v Bosley (No. 2) per Thorpe L.J.
8. The duty is a personal one in respect of which the solicitor is required to exercise an independent judgment. He is not excused by the circumstance that he acts on the advice of Counsel although this is a factor relevant in determining the degree of culpability and the appropriate penalty.
9. The Courts recognise that the circumstances in which issues of this nature arise may not afford sufficient time for a solicitor to give full consideration to the course which he should adopt and errors of judgment may occur. Lord MacMillan continued the passage which I have earlier quoted from The Ethics of Advocacy as follows –
“To maintain a perfect poise amidst these various and sometimes conflicting claims is no easy feat”
However where the breach of duty is so serious this will likely be relevant to the penalty only and not to the issue of misconduct. Vernon v Bosley, Kyle v Legal Practitioners Complaints Committee per Parker L.J.
10. While duties are most frequently dealt with in cases as relating to advocacy they arise equally in all dealings with the Court.” (emphasis added)
The American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct .. violating the duty of candor to the tribunal can “render[] the litigation a sham,” prejudicing the rights of all involved. Disclosure Obligations of a Lawyer Who Discovers that Her Client Has Violated a Court Order During Litigation, ABA Formal Op. 98-412 (Sept. 9, 1998)
——–
The Ethics Committee of the Bar Council of England and Wales have issued on: September 2019 Last reviewed: June 2020 very useful article on Ethics entitled “Personal issues and relationships” whose purpose is : “To advise barristers regarding their professional obligations in relation to personal issues and relationships”. An extract is set out below for guidance and it is noteworthy that the existence of such relationships can be used as a litigation tactic by an opponent to effectively seek to leverage the “relationship” to gain access into the other parties case (e.g. by “trading confidences” in a Machiavellian manner in the hope/expectation these “opponent confidences” will be related back to the client/legal team to pollute their mindset/strategy/attitude and/or obtaining insights into the other sides’ strategy) in breach of the human right to consult confidentially with your lawyers (“A lawyers mouth is forever shut”). As these exchanges are invariably in confidence and “off the record” it may (wrongly) be felt by the players involved they are free from all sanction to act with impunity.
“Relationships with opponents
The existence of any relevant past or pre-existing relationship in any case in which the parties to a sexual or other close relationship are solicitors and/or barristers instructed on opposite sides of a dispute, ought promptly to be disclosed to clients (and your opponent if he/she is unaware). If, for some reason, one of you is, or both of you are, unwilling for this disclosure to be made, you should consider carefully whether it is proper for you to act. If appropriate, you may wish to discuss the particular circumstances with the Ethical Enquiries Service.
It is generally unwise to start a relationship with a lawyer on the other side during a case in which you are involved. PERCEPTION is important, as well as reality, and clients (or, in a case which attracts publicity, the press and wider public) might justifiably perceive in a sexual or other close relationship in those circumstances a danger of BREACH OF CONFIDENCE or conflict of interest, or the risk that you may not act in the best interests of your client. If a relationship is commenced during a case, this should be promptly disclosed to clients and the other side if they are unaware of it. (emphasis added)”
ref: https://www.barcouncilethics.co.uk/documents/personal-issues-relationships/
==========================================
2018 SOVANI James made an error: she missed a deadline in a particular piece of litigation and, afraid to tell anyone, she lied to both her employer and her client about it. “I had been terrified to report my mistake,” she later said. The deception continued and she backdated four letters over a 17-month period to cover it up. Her lie wasn’t discovered until after she left to work at another firm.
Three years later, an appeals court last month ruled that James should be struck off from the practice of law, ending her legal career. “Dishonesty of any kind is […] a serious matter,” Lord Justice Flaux said in his judgement. “I do not consider that mental health issues […] suffered as a consequence of work conditions […] justify a lesser sanction than striking off.”
REF: ‘Toxic, cut-throat’: the work culture awaiting junior lawyers | Studying law | The Guardian
========
Doyle v Donovan [2020] IEHC 11 (17 January 2020) Simons J.
“Whereas it is most regrettable that the Defendant and her insurer (represented by BLM Solicitors) chose to make the entirely unsubstantiated allegation that the Plaintiff had deliberately caused the accident, much of the sting of same has been removed by the fact that the plea was not pursued at the hearing before the Circuit Court and, ultimately, liability was conceded in its entirety before the High Court. “
” Applying the principles stated by the High Court (Barniville J.) in Trafalgar Developments Ltd. v. Mazepin [2020] IEHC 13, I am satisfied that the defendant and her insurer have engaged in precisely the type of litigation misconduct which justifies the making of an award of costs on the higher basis (“legal practitioner and client” basis). A party should not make a claim of fraud or dishonesty against the other party without ensuring that there exists clear evidence supporting a prima facie case in relation to such claim. The plea that the plaintiff had deliberately caused the collision was one which imputed fraud and dishonesty to him. The making of this allegation had potentially serious consequences for the plaintiff in terms of his reputation and good name. Moreover, even if not calculated to do so, the existence of the plea might well have dissuaded the plaintiff from pursuing his personal injuries claim for fear that he would be exposed to penalties under the Court and Civil Liability Act 2004. No explanation, still less a justification, has ever been offered for the defendant’s conduct.
In all the circumstances, I propose to make an order pursuant to Order 99, rule 10(3) of the Rules of the Superior Courts (as amended by Rules of the Superior Courts (Costs) 2019 directing that the costs shall be adjudicated on a legal practitioner and client basis.For the avoidance of any doubt, the intention of this order is that the plaintiff will recover costs at a higher level than the usual “party and party” basis, and that the adjudication will allow all reasonable costs (even if such costs are not strictly speaking “necessary” in the sense that the term is understood for the purposes of adjudication). For example, the costs are to include the costs of both senior and junior counsel before the High Court, and to include the costs of the written legal submissions filed.
Barney Quirke, SC and the late Ivan Daly BL RIP for the Plaintiff instructed by Ferrys Solicitors
England & Wales: When George Belamoan succeeded on appeal in suing his solicitor Holden for professional negligence appeal court criticised trial judge for getting caught up in emotion of trial & failing to recognise Belamoan had legitimate reasons to be “angry” at having lost 3 years.
IRISH COURT OF APPEAL IN O’CONNOR V WEXFORD COUNTY COUNCIL
Noonan J.
24. The trial judge’s reference to Byrne v Ardenheath is, I think, somewhat problematic in a number of respects. It was not referred to by either party in oral and written submissions as a relevant authority. That of itself does not mean that a court ought not be entitled to refer to authorities that might not necessarily be cited in argument but nonetheless come to the attention of the court in carrying out research for the purposes of a judgment. Sometimes a court may refer to a case or cases that may illustrate a particular point being made in the course of a judgment but may not necessarily be decisive to the outcome.
25. In such cases, it is not usually necessary to seek further assistance from the parties before judgment is delivered. However, where a court intends placing primary reliance for its decision on a judgment that has been neither cited nor the subject of argument by the parties, in general the proper approach is to invite the parties to address the court in relation to that authority before a final view is reached.
26. If that procedure were adopted in this case, it is perfectly possible that the trial judge might have been swayed by arguments as to its relevance or non-relevance but unfortunately, that opportunity was not afforded the parties and, in particular, the plaintiff. In my view, Byrne v Ardenheath is of little, if any, assistance in the present case. It bears a passing factual resemblance to the present case in that it involved a person slipping down a steep grassy slope instead of pursuing an alternative route. There, however, the similarity ends.
================
Law Society of Ireland -v- Doocey (Unapproved) [2022] IECA 2_1 (11 January 2022) JUDGMENT of Ms. Justice Donnelly dated the 11th day of January, 2022
77. It is noteworthy that in this jurisdiction the Court of Appeal has on two occasions held that dishonesty in criminal law is to be assessed on an objective basis and has specifically rejected the R v Ghosh line of authority. In The People (DPP) v. Bowe & Casey [2017] IECA 250 in respect of an offence of conspiracy to defraud held:
“All of the jurisprudence relating specifically to this offence seems to us to indicate that it is sufficient for a conviction that the prosecution should prove merely that the accused intended to do the impugned act or to participate in the impugned scheme in circumstances where the relevant act or scheme would attract the value judgment, judged by the standards of ordinary reasonable men, that it was dishonest.”
78. In the subsequent case of The People (DPP) v. Murphy [2019] IECA 63, which unlike the offence of conspiracy to defraud, concerned a statutory offence – the offence of theft – under the Act of 2001, the Court of Appeal also adopted that approach. The Court cited dicta from The People (DPP) v. Bowe & Casey in which the Court of Appeal had said that the R v. Ghosh approach appeared to be predicated on the idea that dishonesty was a state of mind for the purposes of the Theft Act, 1968 (having regard to a definition therein). The Court in The People (DPP) v. Murphy concluded at para. 21 that:-
“Dishonesty has a statutory meaning under the 2001 Act and so can be contrasted with the English position. Section 4(1) includes the term ‘dishonestly’ in the definition of the offence of theft and so, must be a constituent element of the offence. Therefore, the prosecution must prove that element of the offence. If the defence can point to evidence of an honest belief that he/she was entitled to the property in question, then the prosecution must negative that belief beyond reasonable doubt.”
79. I am satisfied that there is also no basis for the argument that dishonesty in the context of disciplinary proceedings in this jurisdiction must be judged on a standard that leaves it to the individual solicitor’s understanding of dishonesty. The rationale of the disciplinary code would be shaken if the amoral solicitor, who simply does not advert to the possibility of dishonesty, can escape severe sanction for their otherwise deliberate actions which are objectively dishonest. In fairness to Ms. Doocey, I do not understand her to contend vigorously for such a standard of dishonesty to be accepted. For the avoidance of doubt however, I reject any such approach to judging the standard of dishonesty. It is a standard to be assessed objectively. The requirement that there be knowledge or belief as to the facts at issue is nonetheless a sensible one.
================
HUMAN RIGHTS BREACHES
” As you may be aware, the Legal Services Regulatory Authority is now responsible for investigating complaints against legal practitioners, including barristers. It may be the case that the attempts made to listen in on privileged client consultations in the way you describe constitutes a conduct issue that justifies referral to the Authority. “
Law Society of Ireland 22/06/2023
USA attorney-client privilege only applies to confidential communication Bogle v. McClure “To determine if particular communication confidential&protected must prove communication 1.intended to remain confidential and
2. Under circumstances reasonably expected and understood to be confidential.
23 September 2021 Carol Rosenberg The New York Times
GUANTÁNAMO BAY, Cuba — A military judge on Thursday began hearing secret testimony about hidden microphones, allegations of eavesdropping and other government interference in the work of defense lawyers in the case of a Saudi man who is accused of masterminding the bombing of the Navy destroyer Cole in 2000.
About 85 witnesses, all but one unidentified, were being called to testify over eight days on the issue, which has been a major impediment to getting a trial underway since even before a 600-day hiatus in court proceedings caused by the coronavirus pandemic.
At a brief open session on Tuesday, the defendant, Abd-al Rahim al-Nashiri, responded “yes” and gave a thumbs-up when the Army judge, Col. Lanny J. Acosta Jr., asked if he understood that he did not have to attend open hearings.
Secret Hearing Focuses on Hidden Microphones at Guantánamo Prison
Hearings resumed in the destroyer Cole bombing case after a 600-day delay caused by the pandemic.
“Defense lawyers have described a pattern of suspected eavesdropping on confidential attorney-client communications, and call it government intrusion into their ethical duty to safeguard their work, particularly in a death penalty case. “
=============
Carroll -v- Law Society of Ireland [2016] IESC 49 (28 July 2016)
JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice William M. McKechnie delivered on the 28th day of July, 2016
“Fit and Proper:
65. The phrase “fit and proper” combines two broad elements, fitness and properness. Both, whilst complimentary, are intended to convey different requirements and to cover different aspects of a person’s overall suitability for the solicitors’ profession.
66. In broad terms, ‘fitness’, which covers the necessary academic qualifications and practical experience, also relates to matters such as knowledge, skill, understanding, expertise, competence and the like, all of which impact on one’s capacity to appropriately discharge the obligations which the practice of his profession imposes. The second aspect of the term ‘being a proper person’ is much more directly related to character and suitability. Critical in this respect are matters such as honesty, integrity and trustworthiness: a person of principled standards, of honest nature and of ethical disposition; a person who understands, appreciates and takes seriously his responsibilities to the public, to the administration of justice, to individual colleagues and to the profession as a whole.”
Perhaps consideration should be given to introducing some screening process – akin to the HPAT for medicine – to assist in ensuring “proper persons” are admitted into the legal profession which due to their access and proximity to the Judicial arm of the State (with almost infinite powers over citizens) and their unique position to harness these judicial powers against their “opponents” through their use of submissions to the Court and use/abuse of procedural tools/applications available to them which due to their sheer almost overwhelming voluminous nature are inaccessible to most citizens who have no real choice but to place their trust in legal professionals (both their own and the opposing sides) to operate fairly and with integrity within this process. It is this very bedrock of trust that underpins the ethical obligations of the legal profession which must come with effective sanctions for breaches of these obligations to maintain public trust and confidence in the legal profession.
McKechnie J went on to say
67. It is neither possible nor desirable to try and outline the acts, omissions and conduct by which such a standard should be judged: these range on the vertical scale from the trivial, negligible and inconsequential to the grave, appalling and deplorable. On many occasions the Regulatory Body, and on review the court, will have little difficulty in appropriately positioning the conduct established. On other occasions, however, a fine line and narrow call may have to be made; when that difficulty occurs the decision will be a matter of degree. Whichever may be the situation, each case will be circumstance specific, and must be individually assessed at all levels of the adjudicative process.
68. In a judgment quoted by the President in the instant case, Bolton v. Law Society [1994] 2 All ER 486, Bingham M.R. analysed some aspects of the range of conduct which might call for regulatory intervention in respect of a solicitor. Every solicitor and all intending solicitors should take time to engage with it. Whilst some of what is stated is echoed in Burke, what emerge from the overall decision are the unforgiving consequences which would most likely follow from any proven misconduct, save that at the lowest level of the scale.
69. The learned Master of the Rolls identified proven dishonesty, whether attended by a criminal conviction or not, as the most serious such conduct. Where established, “no matter how strong the mitigation” is, a strike off will almost invariably follow. Furthermore, even where the solicitor in question has, over the following several years, made every effort to rehabilitate himself, and has even done so honourably and in a position of trust and responsibility, a restoration to the Roll will be very rare indeed. He described why this approach, which may seem harsh, was necessary: it was to maintain the reputation of the solicitors’ profession in general, and to sustain unreserved public confidence in its integrity.
70. There can be little doubt about the general correctness of these and the other remarks made by Bingham M.R. in Bolton. There is therefore placed on the regulatory body, at first instance, a high level of public responsibility to this end. Equally so, however, there is a corresponding obligation on that body to be ever so discerning in its evaluation of the facts and in the findings arrived at. In all cases the sanction imposed, if any, must be proportionate as determined by the principles of Irish law, which, perhaps unlike in England, contain a constitutional dimension. This is because any sanction akin to a disqualification or a suspension will impact upon one’s declared but qualified right to practice his or her profession. Therefore the strictness of the presumptive approach, as evident in Bolton, may not be altogether appropriate in this jurisdiction. Consequently, until the issue directly arises, I would prefer to offer no definitive opinion on the circumstances, limited as they may be, in which an individual who has been struck off could properly be readmitted to the Roll….
(iii) That the phrase ‘fit and proper’, although composed of two words which appear synonymous with one another, and with associated concepts such as ‘suitability’ and ‘appropriateness’, contains two elements which, whilst related, are distinct components; it cannot be the case the legislature or the Law Society, in enacting s. 24 of the 1954 Act (as substituted by s. 40 of the 1994 Act) and Regulation 26(a)(iv) of the 1997 Regulations, respectively, intended either word to be redundant or devoid of meaning. It seems to me that fitness essentially relates to academic/professional qualifications, knowledge, skills, experience, and the like, whereas properness is concentrated on human attributes, honesty, integrity, probity, trustworthiness etc., as well as issues such as prior criminal convictions or unlawful conduct. These considerations are not intended to be exhaustive in respect of either category, but provide an illustration of the factors arising in respect of each element of the test. Only after this individual analysis does the phrase merge into the overall issue of character suitability;
(iv) That such requirements do not stand only at the entry door; their presence and application continues throughout the entirety of one’s professional life;
(v) That to practice in this profession one does not have to possess extraordinary talent and/or intellect – the vast majority, like all other professions, are not so gifted – nor is it required. Competence and application at a reasonable level are most adequate to fulfil virtually all functions for most clients. Expertise at a higher level is also readily available. However, as with one, as with all: compliance with professional standards is essential, for without this, individual solicitors, firms of whatever size and the profession as a whole will be damaged and irreparably impaired. Such would impact greatly on an essential service which society as a whole depends on;”
=======================
Burke, Re [2001] IESC 13 (9 February 2001)
Keane C.J. stated
“17. A member of either branch of the legal profession enjoys rights and privileges in representing and advising members of the public denied to others. The public are, accordingly, entitled to repose a high degree of trust in both barristers and solicitors in the conduct of their respective professions. Unlike barristers, solicitors are regularly entrusted with the custody of monies belonging to their clients and, if public confidence in the solicitors’ profession is to be maintained, any abuse of that trust must inevitably have serious consequences for the solicitor concerned. Viewed in that context, the range of cases in which a solicitor who has been struck off because of dishonesty can properly be restored to the register pursuant to subsection (4) is, of necessity, significantly limited. In a case where the acts of dishonesty appear to have been wholly out of character and were committed when the solicitor was under severe pressures of some kind, the exercise of the discretion vested in the court in his or her favour may be justifiable. The fact, if it be the fact, that in his or her subsequent career, the solicitor had been entrusted with positions of trust and responsibility without any further lapses would be an additional factor in enabling the court to exercise the jurisdiction in his or her favour. However, it would be inappropriate to attempt an exhaustive definition of the circumstances in which a solicitor might properly be restored to the rolls in cases to which subsection (4) apply: it is sufficient to emphasise again that the category of cases in which re-admission to the profession is permissible will inevitably be limited. That this is the approach which should be adopted is, I think, borne out by the authorities from other jurisdictions which were cited in the course of argument: see the observations of Lord Donaldson MR in In the Matter of a Solicitor No. 5 of 1990 and In the Matter of the Solicitors Act 1974 (unreported: judgment delivered Friday, 27th April 1990) and of the majority of the High Court of Australia in Ex-parte Lenehan (1948) 77 CLR 403.”
===================================
In re Solicitors Act 1954 [1960] IR 239 Kingsmill Moore J noted dishonesty on part of a solicitor has the dual characteristic of criminal and regulatory aspects.
—
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE BAR OF IRELAND Adopted by a General Meeting of the Bar of Ireland on 22nd July 2024
“2.3. It is the duty of Barristers: (a) to comply with the provisions of the Code; (b) to act at all times with honesty and integrity; (c) not to engage in conduct (whether in pursuit of their profession or otherwise) which may bring the Barristers’ profession into disrepute, which may injure the dignity and high standing of the profession, or which is likely to diminish the trust and confidence placed in them or in the profession; (d) not to engage in conduct which is prejudicial to the administration of justice; (e) to observe the ethics and etiquette of their profession; 11 (f) to provide a competent and professional standard of work and service to each client; (g) to conduct their profession as Barristers so as to ensure that there is no serious falling short, by omission or commission, of the standard of conduct expected of a Barrister; (h) to be individually responsible for their own conduct; (i) to co-operate with an investigation conducted by the Bar Council and/or the PPC pursuant to Rule 2.20 of the Code
2.5 Barristers have an overriding duty to the Court to ensure in the public interest that the proper and efficient administration of justice is achieved and they must assist the Court in the administration of justice and must not deceive or knowingly mislead the court. “
2.8 The many duties to which Barristers are subject require their absolute independence, free from all other influence, especially such as may arise from their personal interests or external pressure. Barristers must therefore avoid any impairment of their independence and be careful not to compromise their professional standards in order to please their client, the Court or third parties. This independence is necessary in non-contentious matters as well as in litigation.
3.12 Barristers may not accept instructions in any case where by reason of their connection with the client or the subject matter it would be difficult for them to maintain their professional independence or where such connection might reasonably give rise to the perception on the part of a Court before which they appear that their professional independence is or may be compromised in the discharge of their duties as Barristers.
3.13 Barristers may not appear as counsel:- (a) in any matter in which they themselves are a party or have a significant pecuniary interest; (b) either for or against any Local Authority of which they are a member, or (c) either for or against any person, company, firm or other organisation of which they are an officer, director, partner, engaged in part-time occupation or in which they have directly or indirectly a significant pecuniary interest. Exceptions to this rule may be authorised by the Bar Council.
3.14 Barristers shall not appear in any case in which they are likely to be witnesses. If, being engaged in a case, it becomes apparent that they are likely to be witnesses on a question of fact, they should not continue to appear if they can retire without jeopardising their client’s interests.
5.3 (a) A Barrister shall not knowingly make, procure or countenance the making of any false or misleading statement of fact, whether express or implied, written or parol, with regard to any matter in which that Barrister is engaged, to any Court, other body or to any other party or any representative thereof.
(b) Nothing in this rule shall preclude Barristers from drafting or settling pleadings or other documents which merely deny allegations of fact made against their clients, save in any document that is required by law to be true.
(d) While engaged in any matter before a Court or other body, Barristers shall not mislead nor knowingly permit the Court or other body to mislead itself in relation to the law applicable to that matter save that Barristers defending in criminal matters shall be under no duty to correct errors by the Court which may favour their clients.
(e) Where a Barrister becomes aware that any false or misleading statement of fact has been made by or on behalf of that Barrister’s client in relation to the matter in which that Barrister is engaged, or that any Court, other body or other party may reasonably be continuing to rely on any statement of fact made by or on behalf of that Barrister’s client which, though true when made, has become false or misleading, the Barrister shall (i) (ii)
(f) be satisfied that any such statement of fact has been corrected before any further step be taken by any party in the matter, whether in any proceedings or by way of negotiation, discontinuance or otherwise; or withdraw from the matter before any such step be taken by any party without such correction having been made. Where more than one Barrister is engaged in any matter, any Barrister other than leading counsel who becomes aware that the circumstances described in 21 paragraph (e) of this Rule have arisen shall bring those circumstances to the attention of leading counsel and, in addition, shall personally comply with the requirements set out in that paragraph.
5.5 A Barrister must not devise facts which will assist in advancing the client’s case and must not draft any pleading, witness statement, affidavit, notice of appeal or any other document containing any statement of fact or contention which is not supported by the client’s instructions.
5.6. Barristers shall not draft a witness statement or affidavit containing any statement of fact other than evidence which the Barrister reasonably believes the witness would give if the witness were giving evidence orally.
5.11. Barristers may not coach a witness in regard to the evidence to be given.
5.12. Barristers shall not confer with a witness while such witness is under crossexamination without prior leave of the other parties or the Court.
5.13. Subject to the provisions of Rule 5.14, where the other party or parties to a case are legally represented, a Barrister may not discuss the merits of a case with the parties of the other sides without the consent of and presence of both his instructing solicitor and the solicitor and/or barrister for the other side.
5.15. A barrister when conducting proceedings in Court is responsible for the conduct and presentation of his case, and must exercise the independent judgment called for during the case. A barrister must not act as a mere spokesperson for the client or the instructing solicitor.
5.16. Barristers must not deceive or knowingly mislead the court. A Barrister must take appropriate steps to correct any misleading statement made by the Barrister to the court as soon as possible after the Barrister becomes aware that the statement was misleading. (see paragraphs 2.5 and 5.3)
5.17. Barristers when conducting a case must not assert their personal opinion of the facts or the law unless expressly invited to do so by the court or required to do so by law.
5.18. Barristers when conducting a case must not make statements or ask questions which are merely scandalous or are intended only for the purpose of vilifying, insulting or annoying a witness or some other person. (see Rule 5.15).
5.19. In a civil case Barristers must, at the appropriate time in the proceedings, inform the court of any relevant decision on a point of law and, in particular, of any binding authority or of any applicable legislation of which they are aware and which the Barrister believes to be in point whether it be for or against their contention. (See Rule 5.3)
5.20. Barristers must in every case use their best endeavours to avoid unnecessary expense and waste of the Court’s time. They should, (subject to Rule 5.21), when asked, inform the Court of the probable length of the case and also subsequently inform the Court of any developments which significantly affect the information 23 already provided. 5.21. Barristers should at once inform the court of a settlement or of an intention to apply for an adjournment or (provided they can do so without prejudice to their client’s interests) of any other matter which may significantly affect the estimated length of the hearing.
5.26. In general, Barristers shall be attended in court by their instructing solicitors or In House Counsel or in appropriate cases a Patent Agent, Trade Mark Agent or Tax Accountant or their clerks or assistants, but subject to the following exceptions: – (a) When moving an application for an adjournment or a consent order; (b) When appearing in the District Court, or on District Court Appeals, on the instructions of a solicitor Barristers so appearing shall furnish forthwith a written memorandum of the proceedings to their solicitors.
7.5 All conversations and communications between Barristers on professional matters shall, unless expressly agreed, be strictly private, confidential and without prejudice. This obligation of confidentiality applies to any Barrister who is not a party to any such conversation or communications but who overhears such conversations or communications.
7.6. No Barrister shall use for any professional or private purpose or otherwise disclose any information on professional matters obtained accidentally or otherwise from observation of documents or from conversation with or between colleagues in or outside of the Law Library.